Minimally invasive surgical clamps, assemblies and methods

ABSTRACT

A minimally invasive surgical assembly broadly includes an outer tube which has an outer diameter of 3.0 mm or smaller, and a coaxial surgical instrument having a shaft which extends through the outer hollow tube. The coaxial surgical instrument includes end effectors at the end of the shaft. The end effectors include spring arms and wire frame clamp elements defining fenestrations. The spring arms are biased to an open position such that when the end effectors of the surgical instrument extend out of the outer tube they open, and they are closed by relative movement of the outer tube over them. The wire frame clamp elements are biased to an open position such that when they extend out of the outer tube they open and they are closed by relative movement of the outer tube over them.

This application is a continuation-in-part and claims priority from U.S. Ser. No. 11/420,927 filed May 30, 2006 now U.S. Pat. No. 7,766,937 and is a continuation-in-part and claims priority from U.S. Ser. No. 11/685,522 filed Mar. 13, 2007 which in turn claims priority from U.S. provisional application 60/781,556 filed Mar. 13, 2006, from U.S. provisional application 60/828,916 filed Oct. 10, 2006, and from U.S. Ser. No. 11/420,927, all of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein in their entireties.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

This invention relates broadly to surgical instruments and methods of their use. More particularly, this invention relates minimally invasive surgical claims. The invention has particular application to laparoscopic-type surgery, although it is not limited thereto.

2. State of the Art

Over the last two decades, minimally invasive surgery has become the standard for many types of surgeries which were previously accomplished through open surgery. Minimally invasive surgery generally involves introducing an optical element (e.g., laparoscope or endoscope) through a surgical or natural port in the body, advancing one or more surgical instruments through additional ports or through the endoscope, conducting the surgery with the surgical instruments, and withdrawing the instruments and scope from the body. In laparoscopic surgery (broadly defined herein to be any surgery where a port is made via a surgical incision, including but not limited to abdominal laparoscopy, arthroscopy, spinal laparoscopy, etc.), a port for a scope is typically made using a surgical trocar assembly. The trocar assembly often includes a port, a sharp pointed element (trocar) extending through and beyond the distal end of the port, and at least in the case of abdominal laparoscopy, a valve on the proximal portion of the port. Typically, a small incision is made in the skin at a desired location in the patient. The trocar assembly, with the trocar extending out of the port is then forced through the incision, thereby widening the incision and permitting the port to extend through the incision, past any facie, and into the body (cavity). The trocar is then withdrawn, leaving the port in place. In certain circumstances, an insufflation element may be attached to the trocar port in order to insufflate the surgical site. An optical element may then be introduced through the trocar port. Additional ports are then typically made so that additional laparoscopic instruments may be introduced into the body.

Trocar assemblies are manufactured in different sizes. Typical trocar port sizes include 5 mm, 10 mm and 12 mm (available from companies such as Taut and U.S. Surgical), which are sized to permit variously sized laparoscopic instruments to be introduced therethrough including, e.g., graspers, dissectors, staplers, scissors, suction/irrigators, clamps, forceps, biopsy forceps, etc. While 5 mm trocar ports are relatively small, in some circumstances where internal working space is limited (e.g., children), it is difficult to place multiple 5 mm ports in the limited area. In addition, 5 mm trocar ports tend to limit movements of instruments inside the abdominal cavity to a great extent.

Further, while laparoscopic surgery has reduced the trauma associated with various surgical procedures and has concomitantly reduced recovery time from these surgeries, there always remains a desire in the art to further reduce the trauma to the patient.

One area of trauma associated with laparoscopic surgery identified by the inventor hereof as being susceptible of reduction are the scars which result from the trocar ports used. In many laparoscopic surgeries, three or more trocar incisions are made. For example, in laparoscopic hernia repair surgery, four trocar incisions are typically made, with one incision for insufflating the abdomen and inserting the optical device, two incisions for trocar ports for inserting graspers therethrough, and a fourth port for passing a stapler therethrough. Those skilled in the art and those who have undergone surgical procedures recognize that even the 5 mm trocar ports leave holes which must be stitched and which result in scars.

A second area of trauma associated with laparoscopic surgery identified by the inventor hereof as being susceptible of reduction relates to trauma resulting from the manipulation (angling) of the trocar ports required in order to conduct the surgery due to inexact placement. Angling of the port can cause tearing at the incision periphery.

Those skilled in the art will also appreciate that because of the number of trocar assemblies and laparoscopic tools used in laparoscopic surgery (most of which are disposable because of the cost and complications associated with autoclaving), the cost of laparoscopic surgery is high. Thus, there always remains a desire in the art to provide lower cost laparoscopic tools.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides a minimally invasive surgical clamp which reduces trauma to the patient relative to presently used clamps.

The present invention also provides a minimally invasive surgical assembly which is simple and inexpensive relative to presently used systems.

The present invention further provides a minimally invasive non-traumatic surgical clamp or clamp assembly which is 3 mm in diameter or smaller and which needs not be inserted through a trocar port.

The present invention additionally provides a minimally invasive surgical clamp or clamp assembly with a reduced number of parts.

The minimally invasive surgical clamp according to the invention includes an outer tube of substantially 2.7 mm (the term “substantially”, for purposes of this application meaning±20%) and preferably a diameter of 2.7 mm or smaller and a coaxial surgical instrument which extends through the outer tube. The coaxial surgical instrument includes clamping elements at the end of a shaft that are biased in two orthogonal directions to an open position such that when the end effectors of the surgical instrument extend completely out of the outer tube they open in two directions, and they are closed by relative movement of the outer tube over them. More particularly, the clamping elements include proximal spring biased arms and distal fenestrated clamp elements. The proximal spring biased arms bend outwardly relative to each other such that the clamp elements open (e.g., in a vertical direction) to a width which is at least twice the diameter of the outer tube, and more preferably approximately six times the diameter of the outer tube. The distal fenestrated clamp elements take the form of flat, optionally serrated, wire frames which define internal fenestrations, where the wire frames spring open at their widest to a width which is at least larger than the inner diameter of the outer tube, and preferably larger than the outer diameter of the outer tube, and even more preferably at least 25% larger than the outer diameter of the outer tube. When the fenestrated clamp elements are closed by the outer tube, the wire frames are bent inwardly, thereby reducing and even eliminating the area of the fenestrations.

According to one embodiment of the invention, the outer tube may be a blunt-ended tube. Where the outer tube has a blunt end, the surgical clamp may be used through a trocar tube. Alternatively, and more preferably, the wire frame clamping elements of the invention are tapered at their distal end and are narrow and thin enough to act as an obturator which can push through a small incision, rather than being used through a trocar tube.

According to another embodiment of the invention, the outer tube may be a needle with an angled distal end and which serves the dual purpose of puncturing the skin of a patient (in lieu of a trocar) and acting on the clamping elements of the surgical clamp in order to close the clamping elements in the orthogonal directions.

According to one aspect of the invention, two different locking mechanisms are utilized to act on the surgical clamping instrument. A first locking mechanism is a ratchet mechanism having a series of ratchet teeth horizontally situated on a plunger attached to the shaft of the surgical instrument and another toothed lock that is held by the handle attached to the outer tube and can be moved into locking engagement in a groove between the ratchet teeth of the plunger. In this manner, when the wire frame clamping elements are desirably clamped around tissue, with the outer tube acting on the spring biased arms, the surgical instrument can be locked into place relative to the outer tube by the first locking mechanism such that the clamping elements are locked in place. A second locking mechanism includes a lever with a nose portion which rides in a longitudinal surface groove in the plunger and acts as a stop to prevent the plunger from being moved proximally more than a particular distance unless the lever is actuated. When the outer tube is a sharp needle, the second locking mechanism acts to prevent unwanted re-arming (exposure) of the needle by keeping the distal tips of the clamping element end effectors outside the distal end of the needle.

Additional objects and advantages of the invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon reference to the detailed description taken in conjunction with the provided figures.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is an enlarged broken cross sectional view of a first embodiment of the surgical assembly of the invention with the end effectors of the surgical instrument in an open (advanced) position.

FIG. 2 is an enlarged broken cross sectional view of a first embodiment of the surgical assembly of the invention with the end effectors of the surgical instrument in a closed (retracted) position.

FIGS. 3A-3E are broken representations of five different fixing element systems for fixing the shaft of surgical instrument relative to the needle.

FIG. 4 is a representation of a first embodiment of an anchoring element for fixing the location of the surgical assembly relative to the patient.

FIGS. 5A and 5B are respective top and side views of another embodiment of an anchoring element for fixing the location of the surgical assembly relative to the patient.

FIG. 6 is a schematic view of another mechanism fixing the location of the surgical assembly relative to the patient.

FIGS. 7A-7G are representations of seven different end effectors for the surgical instrument of the invention.

FIG. 8A-8D are representations of a modified surgical instrument having end effectors acting as an obturator, and with the end effectors located in a-rest shielding position, a puncturing position, an extended position, and a withdrawn position respectively.

FIGS. 9A-9D are schematic diagrams showing the use of four surgical assemblies of the invention being used for a hernia repair operation.

FIG. 10 is a front view of a thumb hold of a surgical instrument.

FIGS. 11A-11C are three views of a plunger which couples the thumb hold and shaft of a surgical instrument.

FIGS. 12A-12B are perspective views of the inside and outside of one half of a proximal housing.

FIGS. 13A-13B are perspective views of the inside and outside of a second half of the proximal housing.

FIG. 14 is a perspective view of a lock mechanism for the surgical instrument.

FIG. 15A-15B are perspective views of a needle hub and needle tip.

FIGS. 16A-16E are transparent views of the safety/locking mechanism with the plunger in a fully retracted position, a beginning deployment position, a position just prior to reaching a safety locking position, the safety locked position, and a working or operating range position respectively.

FIGS. 17 is a view of the distal end of the surgical assembly with the end effectors assuming a safety position relative to the needle tip.

FIGS. 18A-18B are partially transparent side and perspective views showing the lock mechanism engaging the plunger in an unlocked position.

FIGS. 19A-19B are perspective and side views of the proximal portion of the assembly showing the lock mechanism engaging the plunger in a locked position.

FIG. 20A is a perspective view of the complete assembly extending through a second fixing element.

FIG. 20B is a perspective view of a proximal portion of the assembly with only part of a housing shown.

FIGS. 21A-21D are an exploded view, an assembled view, a top view, and a cross-sectional view of a third embodiment of the second fixing means of the invention.

FIG. 21E is a bottom view of the body of FIGS. 21A-21D.

FIG. 21F is a perspective view of the squeezable ball of FIGS. 21A-21D.

FIG. 21G is a perspective view of the base of FIGS. 21A-21D.

FIG. 22A is a first side view of an atraumatic surgical clamp assembly according to another embodiment.

FIG. 22B is a second side view of the surgical clamp assembly of FIG. 22A rotated ninety degrees relative to FIG. 22A.

FIGS. 23A-23B are first and second side views of the distal end of the assembly of FIG. 22A with the clamp members in a very retracted position.

FIGS. 24A-24B are first and second side views of the distal end of the assembly of FIG. 22A with the clamp members in a closed and partially retracted position.

FIGS. 25A-25B are first and second side views of the distal end of the assembly of FIG. 22A with the clamp members in a fully open position.

FIG. 26 is a perspective view of a portion of the handle end of the assembly of FIG. 22A.

FIG. 27A and FIG. 27B are perspective views of the locking elements of the assembly of FIG. 22A.

FIG. 28 is a cross-sectional view through the handle end of the assembly of FIG. 22A.

FIG. 29A is a first side view of an atraumatic surgical clamp instrument according to another embodiment.

FIG. 29B is a second side view of the surgical clamp assembly of FIG. 29A rotated ninety degrees relative to FIG. 29A.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

A minimally invasive surgical assembly 10 according to the invention and as seen in FIGS. 1 and 2 broadly includes an outer hollow needle 12 which has an outer diameter of substantially 2.5 mm (0.1 inches), and a coaxial surgical instrument 14 having a shaft 15 which extends through the outer hollow needle. The needle 12 has a sharpened distal end 18 which is angled at about 35° relative to a longitudinal axis of the needle, and a proximal end having a knob or handle 20 for holding and manipulation of the needle. The inside diameter of the needle is substantially 2.0 mm (0.08 inches) and the wall thickness of the needle is substantially 0.25 mm (0.01 inch). The needle is typically between 10 and 30 cm long, and more typically between 13 and 18 cm long (although other sizes could be used, depending upon the surgery involved, and typically larger for obese patients and smaller for infants and small children), and is preferably made from stainless steel, although other materials could be utilized.

The coaxial surgical instrument 14 shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 is a grasper type instrument and includes end effectors 22 at the distal end of the shaft 15 and a handle or knob 24 at the proximal end of the shaft. The end effectors 22 are formed so that they biased to an open position as seen in FIG. 1, such that when the end effectors 22 of the surgical instrument 14 extend out of the needle 12 they open, and when the needle extends over them as in FIG. 2, they close. The end effectors 22 may be formed from the end of the shaft 15 as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,616,683 to Toth et al. which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety, or in any other desired manner such as by forming end effectors and connecting them to the shaft. The shaft 15 of the surgical instrument 14 must be long enough to permit the end effectors to extend out of the needle as seen in FIG. 1. The surgical instrument 14 is preferably made from stainless steel, although other materials could be utilized for all or part of the instrument 14.

More particularly, in one embodiment, where the surgical instrument is to be used for grasping, (i.e., the end effectors are graspers as shown, e.g., in FIGS. 1, 7A-7F, 8A-8D and 17), the graspers can be formed from sixty percent cold reduction Custom 475 precipitation-hardenable martensitic stainless steel wire available from Carpenter Specialty Wire Products, Orangeburg, S.C. The stainless steel wire is described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,630,103 which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety and includes 9.0%-13.0% and more preferably 10.5-11.5% chromium, 5.0%-11.0% and more preferably 8.0%-9.0% cobalt, 7.0%-9.0% and more preferably 7.5%-8.5% nickel, 3.0%-6.0% and more preferably 4.75%-5.25% molybdenum, 1.0%-1.5% and more preferably 1.1%-1.3% aluminum, 1.0% and more preferably 0.005-0.05% titanium (maximum), 0.5% and more preferably 0.1% silicon (maximum), 0.75% and more preferably 0.25% copper (maximum), 0.5% and more preferably 0.1% manganese (maximum), 0.025% and more preferably 0.0025% sulfur (maximum), 0.03% and more preferably 0.015% carbon (maximum), 1.0% and more preferably 0.20% niobium (maximum), 0.04% and more preferably 0.015% phosphorus (maximum), 0.03% and preferably 0.01% nitrogen (maximum), 0.02% and preferably 0.003% oxygen (maximum), 0.01% and preferably 0.0015-0.0035% boron, and remainder iron. The wire may be subject to an EDM procedure to form the end effectors as approximately 1.8 mm graspers with teeth (e.g., as shown in FIG. 7G—169 a, and FIG. 17—569) or other structures, and then subject to precipitation age hardening heat treatment at typically 975° F. for an hour. The resulting end effectors have a high yield strength, typically in excess of 300,000 psi, with good elongation and toughness. This provides a clinical advantage in that when too much material is placed in the end effectors and the end effectors are actuated, the jaws will neither crush the material, nor fracture themselves, but will plastically deform.

According to one aspect of the preferred embodiment of the invention, the surgical instrument 14 and needle 12 are sized so that at least a portion of the shaft 15 of the surgical instrument 14 slides against the inner surface of the needle 12, thereby forming a seal which is effective against desufflation. Thus, where the inner diameter of the needle is 2.00 mm, the outer diameter of the shaft 15 is approximately 1.99 mm (0.078 inches), or about 0.01 mm smaller than the inner diameter of the needle. This small difference in diameters results in a sliding low clearance fit which can be felt as a drag and which effectively acts as a seal against desufflation. If desired, only a portion of the shaft be sized to interferingly slide against the inner surface of the needle. Alternatively, the needle may include an internal gasket or seal or grease which seals against the outer diameter of the shaft.

Turning to FIGS. 3A-3E, according to the preferred embodiment, the assembly 10 of the invention includes a first fixing mechanism, element, or system which is used to fix the relative location of the surgical instrument 14 and the needle 12. In FIG. 3A, the first fixing system 50 is shown to include notches 52 on the shaft 15 of the surgical instrument 14, and a screw 54 which extends through a threaded radial hole 55 in the needle 12 or its handle. When it is desired to fix the surgical instrument 14 relative to the needle 12, the screw 54 is screwed (typically clockwise) into the needle and into engagement with a notch 52. When it is desired to release the surgical instrument 14, the screw 54 is unscrewed so that it is no longer engaged in the notch. It will be appreciated that instead of a screw 54 and a threaded radial hole 55, a spring loaded pin which extends through a radial hole in the needle (or needle handle) could be utilized to lock the surgical instrument 14 relative to the needle 12.

In FIG. 3B, a second fixing system 50′ is shown to include radial grooves 60 on the shaft 15 of the surgical instrument and a clip 61 having spring arms 62 (one shown), and a shaft 63. The shaft 63 of the clip 61 extends through a wall of the needle or, more preferably, its handle, and the spring arms 62 engage a radial groove 64 on the shaft 15. When the shaft 15 of the needle is pushed or pulled relative to the needle, the spring arms 62 spread to permit movement of the shaft 15 past the clip 61. It will be appreciated that if the spring arms 62 are sufficiently springy, grooves are not required on the shaft 15 of the needle as the spring arms 62 will firmly hold the shaft in position.

A third fixing system 50″ is seen in FIG. 3C and includes a plastic screw 65 which extends around the shaft 15 of the surgical instrument 14, and an inner thread 66 located on the handle or knob 20 of the needle 12. When it is desired to fix the surgical instrument 14 relative to the needle 12, the screw 65 is screwed into the threaded handle or knob needle 20 of the needle 12. The plastic screw 65 and the inner thread 66 of the handle or knob 20 of the needle are sized to cause the plastic screw 65 to deform and tighten around the shaft 15 when the screw 65 is screwed into the thread 66, thereby fixing the locations of the needle 12 and surgical instrument 14 relative to each other. When it is desired to release the surgical instrument 14, the screw 65 is unscrewed sufficiently to permit movement of the surgical instrument relative to the needle. As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, the screw 65 may have a gripping member such as a head (not shown) to help the practitioner apply torque.

FIG. 3D shows a fourth fixing system 50′″ which includes a thumb screw 70 and a handle portion 20 of the needle 12 which includes a thread (not shown), and which is flexible or plastic. In particular, the thumb screw 70 when screwed onto the handle portion threads causes the handle portion to clamp down on the shaft 15 of the surgical instrument 14 and lock the surgical instrument relative to the needle.

A fifth fixing system 50″″ is seen in FIG. 3E where a cam element 72 is rotatingly coupled to the needle handle 20′ by a pin 73. When in a first orientation, the cam element 72 permits a rear portion 15′ of the shaft 15 of the surgical instrument 14 to move in an uninhibited manner. When in a second orientation as shown in FIG. 3E, the cam element 72 engages the rear portion 15′ of the shaft 15 and holds it fixed relative to the needle handle 20′ and needle 12. It will be appreciated that in addition to the fixing system 50″″ which is different the fixing systems of FIGS. 3A-3D, the needle handle 20′ and surgical instrument handle 24′ are modified relative to the handles 20, 24 shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 and FIGS. 3A-3D.

The assembly also preferably includes a second fixing element which moves relative to the needle and is located on the outside thereof and which is used to fix the relative location of the needle to the patient. More particularly, as seen in FIG. 4, the second fixing element is a soft plastic suction cup 80 which engages and is frictionally slidable over the outer surface of the needle 12, and which can be pressed against the abdominal wall of a patient to cause a suction connection. If desired, the outer surface of the needle 12 may be provided with mating elements such as bumps, serrations, or grooves (not shown), and the suction cup 80 may be provided with a reciprocal mating element (not shown) for engaging the mating element of the outer surface of the needle 12 to more strongly fix the location of the suction cup 80 relative to the needle 12.

Turning to FIGS. 5A and 5B, a second embodiment of the second fixing assembly is seen to include a plastic suction cup 80′ having a top proximal hole 82 and a plurality of bayonet-type grooves 84 through which the needle 12 can be maneuvered. The suction cup 80′ thereby permits the needle 12 to be held at different angles relative to the patient.

In lieu of a suction cup, it is possible to fix the location of the needle 12 and surgical instrument 14 relative to the patient by using standard equipment and modifying the surgical assembly of the invention slightly. Thus, as seen in FIG. 6, a standard multiheaded clip 90 is provided which is fixed by a clamp 92 to the side of an operating room table. The multiheaded clip 90 includes a malleable metal rod 94 and a plurality of clip elements 96. The surgical assembly 10 may then be held in a desired position relative to the patient by providing the needle 12 or surgical instrument 14 with a clip receiver or groove which may be located on the outside surface of the needle handle or on the handle or knob of needle or surgical instrument. Details of a presently preferred multiheaded clip can be found in co-owned U.S. Ser. No. 11/668,169 filed Jan. 29, 2007 and entitled “Platform for Fixing Surgical Instruments During Surgery”.

As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, the surgical instrument 14 of the invention may take various forms. Thus, FIGS. 7A-7G show representations of seven different end effectors for the surgical instrument of the invention (although others could be utilized). FIG. 7A shows a detailed view of a grasper such as seen in FIGS. 1 and 2. The grasper end effectors 101 include two arms 102 which extend from shaft 15, each of which is approximately 19 mm (0.75 inch) long. The arms are slightly rounded on their outer peripheries in the same profile as the shaft 15, with each rounded surface forming an arc of between forty-five and ninety degrees. The first portions 104 (e.g., about 4 mm) of the arms are relatively straight in their at rest open position. The middle portions 106 of the arms 102 then angle away from each other (each at between 6° and 18° from the horizontal) until they extend approximately 7 mm apart from each other. In order to provide a good spring load, the middle portions of the arms may be reinforced with or formed from spring steel. The tips 108 (e.g., approximately 3 mm) of the arms are then bent back to parallel the first portions 104. Their outer surfaces may also be flattened.

If desired, the grasper of FIG. 7A can be formed from a solid rod or a tube of steel, by cutting the end of the tube in half to form arms (e.g., via use of a laser or an EDM machine), further removing material from the underside of each arm at the first portions 104, and then bending the arms at the intersections of the first portions 104 and middle portions 106, and at the intersections of the middle portions 106 and tips 108.

FIG. 7B is a representation of lung clamp end effectors 111. The lung clamp end effectors extend from the shaft 15 with arms 112 which terminate in loops 114 which define openings 115. While not shown in detail in FIG. 7B, the arms 112 are similar to the arms of the grasper of FIG. 7A in that they are slightly rounded on their outer peripheries in the same profile as the shaft 15, include first portions 116 which are relatively straight in their at rest open position and middle portions 118 which angle away from each other until they extend approximately 6 mm apart from each other. The loops 114 are then bent back to parallel the first portions 116. In order to provide a good spring load, the middle portions of the arms may be reinforced with or formed from spring steel.

FIG. 7C is a representation of hybrid end effectors 121 including one grasper 122 and one lung clamp 123. The grasper 122 is substantially as described above with reference to FIG. 7A, and the lung clamp 123 is substantially as described above with reference to FIG. 7B.

FIG. 7D is a representation of non-crushing clamping end effectors 131 including one grasper 132 and a rubber covered arm 133.

FIG. 7E is a representation of retractor end effectors 141. The retractor end effectors 141 are formed from wire mesh elements 143 which at rest are substantially flat, but which are bent into an arcuate shape when retracted into the needle.

FIG. 7F is a representation of a grasper similar to that of FIG. 7A. The primary differences between the grasper end effectors 151 of FIG. 7F and the grasper end effectors 101 of FIG. 7A are that the arms 152 are each approximately 25 mm-35 mm (1-1.38 inch) long, the middle portions 156 angle away from each other at about 50° or 25° from the horizontal. The tip portions 158 shown in FIG. 7F are approximately 12 mm long and bend back slightly beyond being parallel to the first portions 154 so that they are angled slightly toward each other. Alternatively, the tip portions need not bend back beyond the parallel or even at all. If the tip portions are not bent back, the tip portions may be designed to open 15 mm-20 mm relative to each other.

FIG. 7G is a representation of a crushing grasper 161 shown in a closed position within a needle 12. The crushing grasper 161 is similar to the grasper 101 of FIG. 7A except that it is slightly longer (approximately 22 mm long), and the tip portions 168 have teeth 169 a and have a rounded front 169 b such that they present a blunt almost hemispherical surface. When the end effectors 161 of FIG. 7G are moved forward relative to the needle 12, they preferably remain in a closed position until approximately half the length of the arms 162 extend beyond the needle. Thus, as will be discussed below, the end effectors of the surgical instrument 14 may act as an obturator relative to the needle to guard the needle from causing accidental needle tip trauma.

The surgical assemblies of the invention may be used during laparoscopic surgery instead of using extra trocars and laparoscopic instruments. In particular, with the surgical instrument 14 (e.g., grasper end effectors 111) partially inserted in the needle 12 (i.e., with the end effectors withdrawn at least partially inside the needle) and optionally locked relative to each other by the first fixing element (e.g., fixing system 50), the needle 12 is used to puncture the skin and advance into the body (e.g., the abdomen). At a desired location (typically under guidance of an already inserted scope), the movement of the needle is stopped. The surgical instrument 14 is then unlocked (if previously locked) and advanced until the end effectors 111 extend past the needle 12 and open toward their neutral stress position. The needle and surgical instrument may then further advanced until the end effectors extend over a structure in the body. Then, with the surgical instrument stationary, the needle is advanced relative to the surgical instrument to force the end effectors 111 closed, thereby securely grasping the structure. The first fixing element or system (e.g., system 50) may then be used to fix the needle relative to the surgical instrument to prevent release of the grasped structure. If desired, the needle with the surgical instrument fixed relative thereto and grasping the structure may be manipulated relative to the body wall (e.g., to lift, push, or otherwise move the structure). When the needle (or the grasped structure) is in a desired location in the body, the second fixing element (e.g., 80) is slid along the needle and into engagement with the skin of the patient, thereby fixing the grasping end effectors at a desired location in the body. At any time, the grasped structure can be released by causing the first fixing element to release the surgical instrument and then moving the needle backward relative to the surgical instrument, thereby permitting the end effectors to reopen. The surgical assembly can be pulled out of the body (preferably with the surgical instrument first moved backward at least partially relative to the needle to retract and close the end effectors) leaving just a small puncture mark which will often heal without a scar.

It is noted that because of the small diameter of the surgical assembly, withdrawal of the needle assembly from the abdomen will not cause desufflation, and should not require stitching to close the wound. It is also noted that because of the small diameter of the surgical assembly the elimination of a trocar port, the surgical assembly can be easily moved in any direction (i.e., it can be easily angled) during surgery.

The surgical assembly of the invention thereby accomplishes the objects of the invention with a minimum number of parts and may be used to replace expensive trocar assemblies and laparoscopic instruments.

According to another aspect of the invention, as previously mentioned, the tips of the end effectors of the surgical instrument may be used to function as an obturator. Thus, as seen in FIGS. 8A-8D, a surgical assembly combining aspects seen in FIGS. 3E and 7G is shown, except that a spring 193 is provided and coupled to the handles 20′, 24′ of the needle and surgical instrument respectively. Spring 193, in an at rest position, causes the rounded end effectors 161 to assume a position where the end effectors extend out of the needle 12 but remain in a closed position as seen in FIG. 8A. In this partially extended position, the end effectors 161 act as an obturator or protection from accidental needle tip trauma. When the surgical assembly is used to puncture skin as seen in FIG. 8B, pressure is placed on the end effectors, thereby causing the end effectors 161 to be pushed back into and thereby exposing the needle, and causing the surgical instrument to move backward relative to the needle, thereby placing spring 193 under tension. When the skin is punctured and the needle extends into a cavity and pressure on the end effectors is released, the spring 193 pushes the surgical instrument forward to reassume the position of FIG. 8A. When it is desired to extend the end effectors 161 to grasp a structure, the surgical instrument may be pushed forward relative to the needle as seen in FIG. 8C, thereby placing the spring 193 under compression, and opening the end effectors 161. The end effectors may then be closed over the object by pulling end effectors backward relative to the needle whereby the needle acts on the end effectors to at least partially close them, with the spring 193 assuming a partially compressed position. The grasping position (and any other position) may be locked at any time using the fixing element (e.g., cam 72). If it is desired to pull the end effectors totally into the needle as seen in FIG. 8D, that may be accomplished by pulling the surgical instrument backward relative to the needle, again placing the spring 193 in tension. The surgical instrument can be locked in that position using the fixing element.

Use of a plurality of surgical assemblies 10 a-10 d is seen in FIGS. 9A-9D with respect to a hernia repair operation. In particular, an abdominal wall 200 is seen with a hernia (opening) 290. The hernia 290 is to be repaired with mesh 290 which has been inserted into the abdomen under guidance of a laparoscope (not shown). As seen in FIG. 9A, four surgical assemblies 10 a-10 d according to the invention have been used to pierce the abdominal wall. The four assemblies 10 a-10 d are then used to grasp corner areas of the mesh 295 by moving the grasper end effectors out of their respective needles and over and around the mesh corners, and by moving the needles forward relative to the grasper instruments to force the end effectors closed over the mesh. The needles and surgical instruments are then preferably locked relative to each other (using first fixing mechanisms or systems such as discussed above with reference to FIGS. 3A-3E), and the assemblies 10 a-10 d are pulled upward to cause the mesh 295 to lie directly below the hernia 290 as seen in FIG. 9B. The assemblies are then preferably locked in place relative to the abdominal wall using mechanisms such as discussed above with reference to FIGS. 4, 5A, 5B, and 6. Then, using a laparoscopic stapler (not shown) typically introduced through a standard trocar port, the mesh is stapled in place. The mesh may then be released by the assemblies 10 a-10 d by unlocking the surgical instruments, unlocking the second fixing mechanisms, and moving the respective needles backward in order to open the end effectors. After the mesh is released, the end effectors of the surgical instruments are withdrawn at least partially into the needles (and optionally locked in place), and withdrawn from the abdomen, leaving the mesh 295 stapled in place as seen in FIGS. 9C and 9D.

It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the minimally invasive surgical assemblies of the invention can be used for various other surgical procedures, including but not limited to tuboplasty, gastric bypass, bowel connection, kidney surgery, appendectomy, menisectomy, discectomy, etc. The minimally invasive surgical assemblies of the invention also have particularly advantageous use in neonatal and pediatric surgeries, and the assemblies and methods can be used on animals or cadavers.

Another embodiment of the surgical assembly of the invention is shown in FIGS. 10-20B. As seen in FIGS. 20A and 20B, the assembly 510 includes a needle 512 and a medical instrument 514. The needle has a sharpened distal tip 518 and a handle 520. The medical instrument has end effectors 522 and a handle 524. Also shown in FIGS. 20A and 20B is a lever 554 of a safety lock mechanism 550 which also serves as a first fixing mechanism. Seen in FIG. 20A is a second fixing assembly 800 discussed hereinafter with reference to FIGS. 21A-21G. Details of the needle 512, the medical instrument 514, and the safety lock mechanism 550 and the functioning of the safety lock mechanism are seen in FIGS. 10-20B.

The handle 520 of the medical instrument is seen in FIG. 10. Handle 524 includes a loop 601 which is sized to receive the thumb of a practitioner and a post 603 which extends in a direction parallel or coaxial with the shaft of the instrument 514. The post 603 may be provided with a seat 605 which can be used to receive a pin 607 (FIG. 16D) which will fix the handle 520 relative to the remainder of the medical instrument 514 as discussed below.

The post 603 of the handle 524 is received in a plunger 610 shown in FIGS. 11A-11C. More particularly, plunger 610 is a cylindrical member having a head 611 and defining a top tubular opening 612, a pin hole 613, a bottom tubular opening 614, a shaft surface 615 defining a first groove 616 which stops at a stop surface 617, a second groove 618, a flattened distal portion 620 which helps define a stop surface 621 for groove 618, and a bevel 622. The top opening 612 receives the post 603 of the handle 520, and a pin 607 (FIG. 16D) is inserted in pinhole 613 so as to engage the seat 605 of the post 603. The pinhole 613 is eccentric relative to the post 603 so that it engages seat 605 and fixes the handle 524 axially relative to the plunger 610, but permits the handle 524 to rotate relative to the plunger. The bottom tubular opening 614 is provided for receiving the shaft 515 of the medical instrument (the top portion of which is shown only in FIG. 11B). If desired, the plunger 610 can be formed as a cylinder with a single passageway defining openings 612 and 614.

The grooves 616 and 618 defined in the shaft surface 615 of the plunger 610 are used to perform several functions. As will be described in more detail hereinafter, groove 616 is used to fix the orientation of the end effectors 522 of medical instrument 514 relative to the bevel of the tip of the needle 512. The stop surface 617 at the end of groove 618 also prevents the medical instrument 514 from being completely removed from the needle 512. Groove 618, together with flattened portion 620, stop surface 621, and bevel 622 work together with lever 554 (FIGS. 14 and 20) to provide a safety lock and a first fixing means 550 for the assembly 500.

Turning now to FIGS. 12A, 12B, 13A, and 13B, the handle 520 for the needle is seen. The handle 520 is preferably formed from two similar mating parts 520A, 520B which when mated together form generally a spool-shaped handle. As seen in FIGS. 12A and 12B, handle portion 520A includes four internal mating posts 622A, a rotation post 624A, a spring catch or notch 625, a location tongue 626, plunger locating ribs 628A, a needle hub locating rib 629A and a needle shaft locating rib 630A. Portion 520A also has an outer surface with lower and upper ribbed portions 632A, 634A, a smooth hourglass shaped waist 636A therebetween, with the lower ribbed portion 632A defining an opening 638A for the needle shaft, and the upper ribbed portion 634A defining an opening 639A for the plunger. The upper ribbed portion 634A also defines an opening 640A for the lever 554 as will be discussed hereinafter with a stop surface 641A. As seen in FIGS. 13A and 13B, handle portion 520B generally corresponds to handle portion 520A, and with four internal mating post receivers 622B, a rotation post receiver 624B, plunger locating ribs 628B, needle hub locating rib 629B with locating notch 629B1, and a needle shaft location rib 630B. Portion 520B also has an outer surface with lower and upper ribbed portions 632B, 634B, a smooth hourglass shaped waist 636B therebetween, with the lower ribbed portion 632B defining an opening 638B for the needle shaft, and the upper ribbed portion 634B defining an opening 639B for the plunger. The upper ribbed portion 634B also defines an opening 640B for the lever 554 with a stop surface 641B as will be discussed hereinafter.

Lever 554 is seen in FIGS. 14, 18A and 18B, and includes a concave ribbed friction surface 644, a body 646 defining a hole 647 and a spring seat 648 (seen in FIG. 18A) for housing a spring 649, and a nose 650. The hole 647 is sized to receive the rotation post 624A such that the lever 554 can rotate about the post. The nose 650 is generally triangular in shape with an angled top surface 650A and a straight bottom surface 650B and has a first width which permits the nose 650 to ride in groove 618 of the plunger. The body 646 has a second larger width which is sized to fit within an opening into the handle formed by openings 640A, 640B. As will be discussed hereinafter, the rounded portion 652 of the body adjacent the top of the nose is used as the first fixing element for the assembly. The friction surface 644 has a preferably a third even larger width and is located outside the mating parts 520A, 520B of the handle.

Turning now to FIGS. 15A and 15B, the proximal and distal portions of the needle 512 are seen. More particularly, as seen in FIG. 15B, the distal tip 518 of the hollow needle is beveled and sharp. As seen in FIG. 15A, the proximal end of the hollow needle 512 is provided with a hub 655 with a boss 656. As indicated by FIG. 20B, the hub 655 is sized to be captured in a hole formed by the needle hub receiving ribs 629A and 629B, with the boss 656 received in the cutout 629B1 so as to orient the needle bevel in a desired orientation relative to the handle 520. If desired, the proximal portion of the needle shaft may be textured to provide an extra gripping surface for the practitioner.

Prior to discussing the functioning of the plunger 610 and lever 554, a couple of additional aspects of the invention are worth noting. First, the spring seat 648 (FIG. 18) and spring catch or notch 625 (FIG. 12A) are arranged to cause the spring 649 to bias the lever 554 in a clockwise direction into a position where the nose 650 is substantially perpendicular to the perpendicular axis of the plunger 610 and needle 512. Rotation of the lever 554 clockwise from that position is stopped by the surface 641A, 641B of the upper ribbed portions of the spool. Rotation of the lever 554 counterclockwise, against the spring can be accomplished easily by applying a small amount of counterclockwise force to the lever 554. Second, while grooves 616 and 618 are shown in FIGS. 11A-11C to be one hundred eighty degrees apart, they are more preferably ninety degrees apart, and their actual locations must be considered in conjunction with the location of pin 624A (FIG. 12A) which sets the position of the lever 554 and the tongue 626 (FIG. 12A) which rides in groove 616. Third, the orientation of the needle 512 through the use of the needle hub 655 and nub 656 (FIG. 15A) and the needle hub receiving ribs 629A, 629B and locating notch 629B1 is preferably selected relative to the orientation of the end effectors of the surgical instrument 514 (which are fixed relative to the plunger 610) so that the end effectors present themselves in a shielding manner relative to the bevel tip 518 of the needle 512. In particular, according to one aspect of the invention, it is desirable for the end effectors 518 to present as shown in FIG. 17 with the full, typically rounded outer surface 518 of one end effector resting along the very tip 599 of the bevel edge of the needle as opposed to the being rotated relative thereto. In this manner the surface 518 of the end effector effectively continues and/or rounds the beveled surface of the needle, i.e., it acts as an internal shield so that the exposure of the sharpness of the needle is significantly reduced. Fourth, if desired, the distal portion of the plunger 610 (including the flattened portion 620) may be colored with a red or other pigment (not shown) so that it is highly visible as discussed hereinafter.

The functioning of the plunger 610 and the lever 554 in order to provide a safety locking function and a first fixing function is understood best with reference to FIGS. 16-19. More particularly, FIG. 16A shows the positions of the plunger 610 and the lever 554 when the assembly in an “armed” position with the medical instrument 514 fully retracted relative to the needle 512 so that the needle tip 518 is not guarded by the end effectors. In the position of FIG. 16A, the tongue 626 (FIG. 12A) of the spool engages the stop surface 617 (FIGS. 11B and 11C) of the plunger 610. Also, in the position of FIG. 16A, the nose 650 of the lever 554 either doesn't engage the plunger 610 at all, or engages the beveled end 622 of the plunger. In this armed position, the assembly 510 (and in particular the needle 512) can be used to puncture the skin of a patient so that the distal end of the assembly can pass into a body cavity (e.g., the diaphragm). Also, in this position, the distal portion of the plunger 610 extends out of the needle handle 520. If this portion of the plunger is made highly visible with coloration, the practitioner is given a viewable warning that the assembly is armed (i.e., the needle is unshielded).

After passing through the skin layers, it is desirable to move the surgical instrument 514 forward so that the end effectors will protect (guard) the bevel of the needle. As seen in FIG. 16B, as the plunger 610 of the surgical instrument 514 is moved forward relative to the needle, the bevel 622 of the plunger works against the angled top surface 650A or the nose 650 of the lever 554 such that the lever 554 rotates counterclockwise against the spring 649 (FIG. 18A). Further movement of the plunger 610 (FIG. 16C) causes the nose 650 to ride in the flattened distal portion 620 of plunger 610 as the end effectors start to emerge from the back of the bevel. When the plunger 610 is moved a little further as seen in FIG. 16D, the nose 650 reaches the groove 618 and the top angled surface 650A of the nose is no longer contacted by the plunger 610. As a result, the spring 649 rotates the lever clockwise until the bottom surface 650B of the nose 650 is generally perpendicular to the axis of the plunger 610 and the nose 650 rides in groove 618. As seen in FIG. 16D, if at this point an attempt is made to retract the surgical instrument from the needle, the flat surface 650B of the nose hits the stop surface 621 of the groove 618 and prevents such movement; i.e., the assembly is in a safety position. When in this safety position, the end effectors extend beyond the very distal tip of the bevel of the needle 512 and guard the tip of the needle as shown in FIG. 17. The only manner of withdrawing the end effectors in order to rearm the needle is to override the stop by manually forcing the lever clockwise, thereby pushing the plunger 610 slightly forward and permitting the nose to ride again in flattened area 620.

Once the assembly has reached the safety position, the operator is free to move the plunger up and down within the operating range of the assembly to cause an opening and closing of the end effectors (as discussed with reference to the previous embodiments of the invention). The operating range is defined by the stop position of FIG. 16D and a position where the top surface of the handle 520 of the needle 512 abuts the head 611 of the plunger 610 of the surgical instrument 514. FIG. 16E shows the assembly in an operating range with the nose 650 of the lever located in the groove 618.

At any point in the operating range of the assembly, the relative location of the instrument 514 and the needle 512 can be fixed or locked. This is accomplished by rotating the lever 554 clockwise against the spring force until the rounded portion 652 of the body 646 of the lever adjacent the top of the nose 650 (which is wider than the nose 650 and the groove 618) frictionally engages the shaft surface 615 of the plunger 614 about the groove 618 as seen in FIGS. 19A and 19B. The frictional forces of this engagement are arranged to be greater than the spring force of spring 649 so that spring 649 does not automatically disengage rounded portion 652 from the surface 615, and preferably large enough to prevent inadvertent movement of the instrument relative to the needle. With this arrangement, large tensile loads applied to the end effectors relative to the needle may result in slippage of the locking mechanism, and large compressive loads can cause unlocking In normal utilization, if it is desired to unlock the instrument from the needle, the lever 554 may be rotated counterclockwise so that the assembly can be used in its operating range. As with the other embodiments of the invention, removal of assembly 510 from a body can be accomplished with the end effectors opened or closed.

Turning now to FIGS. 21A-21G, a third embodiment of a second fixing means is seen for fixing the surgical assembly relative to the body of the patient. The second fixing means 800 includes three elements: a base 810, a compressible ball 820 and an actuating body 830. The base 810 of the second fixing means 800 seen best in FIGS. 21A, 21D and 21G is essentially a washer, having a flat bottom surface 832 to which an adhesive layer 834 (and a peelable protective paper layer—not shown) may be applied, a frustroconical central opening 836 (see FIG. 21D), and a top surface 838 which defines finger grips 841 and a central ring 844. Ring 844 defines a slightly tapered inner surface 845 (FIG. 21D) for receiving the ball and three separate outer ramps 846 which are recessed into the ring and start at the top surface 847 of the ring and descend as they extend clockwise about the ring until they reach the top washer surface 838. As seen best in FIG. 21G, the ramps 846 are slightly recessed relative the openings on the top surface 847 of the ring to form small ledges 848 for purposes explained hereinafter.

The ball 820 is a preferably hollow plastic ball and is provided with opposite circular openings 851, 852 sized to closely receive the needle shaft of the surgical assembly 510, and a plurality of slits 853 which extend about 120° from the opening 852 in the direction of the axis defined by openings 851, 852. With the slits 853, the ball is compressible such that if a circumferential force is applied to the ball, the lobes 854 formed between the slits 853 will move toward each other. As seen best in FIGS. 21A-21D, the ball 820 is oriented in the ring 844 so that the slits 853 extend downward.

The actuating body 830 is seen best in FIGS. 21A and 21E and is effectively comprises a cap 860 with extending arms 862. The cap 860 has a top wall 864 with a central opening 865 through which the top portion of the ball 820 can extend. The cap 860 also has a side wall 866 with cut-outs which define engagement fingers 868. The engagement fingers 868 have bosses 869 which are sized to ride in the ramps 846 of the ring 844. As seen best in FIG. 21E, the inward facing bosses are ramped or beveled.

In assembly, the ball 820 is placed between the actuating body 830 and the base 810, and the bosses 869 are forced over the ledges 848 and into engagement with the ramps 846. In this position the bottom of the side wall 866 of the cap 860 of the actuating body is spaced relative to the top surface 838 of the washer (see FIG. 21D), and the ball is free to rotate as guided by the ring 844 and central opening 865. Thus, when a shaft of the surgical assembly is inserted through the circular openings 851, 852 of the ball, the shaft will have considerable freedom of movement, limited only by the size of the central opening 865 of the cap 860 and the frustroconical central opening 836 of the base. Preferably, the second fixing means 800 provides the assembly with a freedom of movement of at least forty-five degrees relative to the vertical in all directions. However, when the actuating body 830 is rotated clockwise relative to the base 810 (typically by squeezing arms 862 and 841 together with a thumb and forefinger), the bosses 869 ride down the ramps 846 and pull the body 830 closer to the base 810. Because the ball 820 cannot move downward in the ring, the central opening 865 provides a circumferential force to the ball (i.e., it compresses the ball), thereby forcing the lobes 854 inward, and applying friction to the shaft of the surgical assembly. As a result, not only is the shaft locked in place in the ball 820, but the ball is fixed in its rotational orientation in the fixing means 800. The ball 820 and shaft may be released by rotating the body 830 counterclockwise relative to the base (typically by squeezing the other arms 862, 841 together). The body 830, however, cannot lift off the base 810 because the ledges 848 act as stops.

Turning now to FIGS. 22A-28 another embodiment of a surgical assembly is seen. The surgical assembly 910 is similar in many respects to the assembly 510 shown in FIGS. 10-20. However, as will be described in detail hereinafter, there are three primary differences. First, the end effectors constitute an atraumatic surgical clamp with fenestrated clamping end effectors that are biased in two orthogonal directions to an open position. Second, instead of providing a needle as an outer tube which closes the end effectors, the outer tube is blunt. However, the distal ends of the fenestrated end effectors are tapered at their distal end and are narrow and thin enough to act as an obturator which can push through a small incision. Third, a second locking mechanism is provided on the handle to limit or prevent movement of the inner shaft relative to the outer tube.

FIGS. 22A and 22B are substantially to-size drawings of a surgical assembly 910, except that the outer tube 912 and inner shaft (not shown) are shown broken. The indicated lengths and diameters are of a specific embodiment of an atraumatic surgical clamp, although it will be appreciated that the indicated sizes can be changed within certain parameters. As shown, the instrument 910 is a nominally “2.7 mm” instrument, as the outer tube 912 (shown covered by an insulated sleeve 913 except at its very distal end) has an indicated outer diameter of 2.7 mm. Because surgical assembly 910 is similar in many respects to assembly 510 of FIGS. 10-20, as previously mentioned, only the primary differences will be discussed in detail. Thus, first, as seen in FIGS. 22A and 22B, the end effectors 922 of the surgical instrument are fenestrated clamps. More particularly, the end effectors 922 include proximal spring biased arms 924 and distal fenestrated clamp elements 926. The end effectors 922 may be formed separately from the inner shaft and welded or otherwise connected to the inner shaft, or may be formed from the same piece of material as the shaft. As seen best in FIG. 22B, in their unconstrained position, the proximal spring biased arms 924 bend outwardly relative to each other such that the clamp elements open (e.g., in a vertical direction) to a width which is at least twice the diameter of the outer tube, and more preferably at least four times the diameter of the outer tube, and most preferably approximately six times the diameter of the outer tube (e.g., 16 mm as shown in FIG. 22B). The distal fenestrated clamp elements take the form of flat wire frames which are preferably serrated on their inner faces (i.e., their clamping surfaces as seen in FIG. 25B). The wire frames define internal fenestrations (openings) 928 which are almost oval in shape. The wire frame of each end effector is approximately 0.4 mm wide, approximately 0.5 mm thick, and is formed to spring open at its widest to a width which is at least larger than the inner diameter of the outer tube and preferably larger than the outer diameter of the outer tube. As seen in FIG. 22A, at its widest, the wire frame of clamp element 926 is 3.45 mm wide which is more than 25% larger than the outer diameter of the outer tube. When the fenestrated clamp elements 926 are closed by the outer tube 912, the wire frames are bent or squeezed inwardly, thereby reducing the area of the fenestrations. Depending upon the width of the wire frame itself and the size of the fenestration, the fenestration could even be closed completely. Thus, it will be appreciated that when the end effectors 922 are in a fully extended, open position, they open in two orthogonal directions in that the spring arms 924 extend away from each other and away from the longitudinal axis of the instrument 910 in a first direction, and the wire frames of the fenestrated clamp element 926 open in a second direction.

Several stages of the opening (and closing) of the end effectors 922 are seen in FIGS. 23A, 23B, 24A, 24B, 25A, and 25B. In FIGS. 23A and 23B, the end effectors 922 are located almost completely within tube 912 such that only the distal end of the wire frame fenestrated clamp elements 926 extend outside the tube. The distal tip 929 of the wire frame is about 2 mm wide, and when closed to the position where the clamp elements 926 are in contact with each other or nearly in contact with each other (as seen in FIG. 23B) the clamp elements present a thickness of between 1 mm and 1.5 mm. As a result, when the end effectors 922 are in the position shown in FIGS. 23A and 23B, the wire frame clamp elements are narrow, thin, and rigid enough to act together as an obturator which can push through a small incision and permit the tube 912 to follow.

In FIGS. 24A and 24B, the fenestrated clamp elements 926 are seen in a partially open position where the wire frames are completely outside of tube 912 but the spring arms 924 are still mostly within the tube 912. In this partially open position, the wire frames of the clamp elements 924 have opened fully, but the clamp elements 924 are still in contact with each other as seen in FIG. 24B. Only when the spring arms 924 are pushed further outside of the tube 912 do the spring arms open so that the clamp elements 926 are no longer in contact with each other. The movement of the clamp elements away from each other happens gradually until a fully open position such as seen in FIGS. 25A and 25B is obtained. As will be appreciated, in the opposite direction, when the end effectors 922 are pulled into tube 912 (or the tube 912 is pushed over the end effectors), at first, the tube 912 acts on the spring arms 924 to close the end effectors towards a position shown in FIG. 24B. If tissue is located between the clamp elements 926, movement from the position of FIG. 25B toward the position of FIG. 24B will cause the tissue to be firmly clamped by the clamp elements 926. Serrations 927 on the inner surfaces of the wire frames (seen best in FIGS. 25B) further help grasping the tissue. As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, the fenestrations 928 cause the clamping elements to be relatively “atraumatic” and particularly suited for grasping or clamping lung tissue, although they can be used for grasping and clamping other tissue. The tissue can be released by moving the end effectors 922 distally relative to the tube 912 back into the position of FIGS. 25A and 25B. If tissue is not being grasped or clamped between the end effectors, movement of the end effectors 922 proximally further into the tube 912 causes the wire frame clamp elements to bend into a closed position such that they can be received inside tube 912 as in FIGS. 23A and 23B. If desired and so arranged, the end effectors 922 may even be drawn completely inside tube 912 so that no portion of the end effectors extends outside of tube 912.

A second difference between the surgical assembly 910 of FIGS. 22A-28 and the assembly 510 of FIGS. 10-20 is that tube 912 is a blunt tube as opposed to being a needle. In other words, the distal end of tube 912 is blunt and not sharp. However, as previously described, because the wire frame clamp elements are narrow, thin, and rigid enough to act together as an obturator which can push through a small incision and permit the tube 912 to follow.

A third difference between the surgical assembly 910 of FIGS. 22A-28 and the assembly 510 of FIGS. 10-20 relates to the locking mechanisms used to fix the end effectors 922 in place relative to the outer tube 912. As seen best in FIGS. 22A, 22B, and 26-28, the surgical assembly 910 has a handle 920 for the outer tube and a handle 923 for the atraumatic clamp. Handle 920 is similar to handle 620 shown in FIGS. 12A-13B, but is slightly modified to receive a first locking element 931 which is described in more detail hereinafter. Handle 923 is the same as or similar to handle 524 shown in FIG. 10, and is coupled to a plunger 933. Plunger 933 is similar to plunger 610 shown in FIGS. 11A-11C, but slightly modified to provide a ratchet (series of locking teeth) 935 as will be described hereinafter. A second locking mechanism includes lever 954 which is the same as lever 554 of FIGS. 14, 16A-16D, 18A-18B and 19A-19B. In addition to the ratchet 935, plunger 933 is optionally but preferably configured with the same grooves and stops as plunger 610 so as to interact with lever 954 in the same manner that lever 554 interacts with plunger 610 and to perform the same functions. Thus, by way of example, one stop surface at the end of a groove prevents the medical clamp instrument from being completely removed from the outer tube 912.

The added locking mechanism including the ratchet 935 and locking element 931 are seen best in FIGS. 26-28. Ratchet 935 includes a plurality of ratchet teeth 935 a which are formed on a surface of plunger 933 which does not have or interfere with the grooves and stops which interact with lever 954. The ratchet teeth 935 a are horizontally situated on a plunger 933 and form grooves 935 b therebetween. Locking element 931 which is transverse the plunger 933 has two heads 931 a, 931 b, and a post 931 c. Post 931 c extends through holes 920 a on either side of handle 920 (only one seen) and is longer than the width of handle 920 so that heads 931 a, 931 b extend on either side of the handle 920. Post 931 c is preferably has a flat surface 931 d along its length, and extending from the flat surface 931 d along a portion of its length is a tooth 931 e. Tooth 931 e is sized to engage in the groove 935 b of the ratchet 935. Thus, by pushing or pulling on either of the heads 931 a, 931 b, the tooth 931 e of the locking element 931 can either be located such that it either does not engage the ratchet 935 and permits movement of the plunger 933 relative to the housing 920, or so that it engages the ratchet and inhibits movement of the plunger 933 proximally or distally relative to the housing 920. In this manner, handle 923 can be moved proximally or distally to cause the wire frame clamping elements 926 to open and close, and when the wire frame clamping elements 926 are desirably clamped around tissue, with the outer tube 912 acting on the spring biased arms 924, the surgical instrument can be locked into place relative to the outer tube by pushing or pulling post 931 c into place such that locking tooth 931 e engages the ratchet 935. When it desired to release the tissue, post 931 c can be pulled or pushed such that the locking tooth 931 no longer engages the ratchet; i.e., the flat portion of the post 931 d is presented to the ratchet and does not engage therewith.

As previously mentioned, a second locking mechanism includes a lever 954 with a nose portion 950 (best seen in FIG. 28) which rides in a longitudinal surface groove in the plunger and acts as a stop to prevent the plunger from being moved proximally more than a particular distance unless the lever is activated. When the outer tube is a sharp needle (as discussed below with reference to FIGS. 29A and 29B), the second locking mechanism acts to prevent unwanted re-arming (exposure) of the needle by keeping the distal tips 929 of the clamping element end effectors 922 outside the distal end of the needle.

Turning now to FIGS. 29A and 29B, another embodiment of a surgical assembly is seen. Surgical assembly 1010 is substantially identical to surgical assembly 910 of FIGS. 22A-28 except that instead of using an outer tube which is blunt at its distal end, tube 1012 is a needle with a sharp angled distal tip 1013 which serves the dual purpose of puncturing the skin of a patient (in lieu of a trocar) and acting on the clamping end effectors 1022 of the surgical clamp in order to close the clamping elements in the previously described orthogonal directions. It is noted that surgical assembly 1010 can utilize the locking arrangement of either the assembly 510 described with reference to FIGS. 10-20 or the assembly described with reference to FIGS. 22A-28. Regardless, the assembly 1010 is arranged so that the end effectors 1022 can be pulled completely inside the needle 1012 so that the sharp distal tip 1013 can be presented for puncture of tissue (e.g., the abdomen). In addition, the assembly 1010 is preferably provided with a locking arrangement as described with reference to FIGS. 10-20 which guards the needle tip from being inadvertently re-armed.

There have been described and illustrated herein several embodiments of a minimally invasive surgical assembly and methods its use. While particular embodiments of the invention have been described, it is not intended that the invention be limited thereto, as it is intended that the invention be as broad in scope as the art will allow and that the specification be read likewise. It will therefore be appreciated by those skilled in the art that modifications could be made to the provided invention without deviating from its spirit and scope as claimed. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A surgical assembly, comprising: a hollow tube having an outer diameter of 3 mm or less and an inner diameter; and a surgical instrument having a shaft which extends through said hollow tube, said surgical instrument being movable relative to said hollow tube and including first and second end effectors at an end of said shaft, said first and second end effectors having corresponding first and second unitary spring arms extending to corresponding first and second clamp elements, the first clamp element including a first closed-loop wire frame that defines a corresponding first fenestration wherein the first closed-loop wire frame defines a closed loop that completely encircles the corresponding first fenestration and is disposed distally relative to the first unitary spring arm, the second clamp element including a second closed-loop wire frame that defines a corresponding second fenestration wherein the second closed-loop wire frame defines a closed loop that completely encircles the corresponding second fenestration and is disposed distally relative to the second unitary spring arm, wherein said first and second unitary spring arms are biased to an open position, when said first and second unitary spring arms extend sufficiently out of said hollow tube, such that said first and second clamp elements span a distance at least twice the outer diameter of said hollow tube, wherein, when said hollow tube extends sufficiently over said first and second unitary spring arms, said first and second clamp elements are forced into a closed position adjacent each other, and said first and second clamp elements are configured so that areas of the first and second fenestrations in said closed position of said first and second clamp elements are reduced relative to corresponding areas of the first and second fenestrations in said open position of said first and second unitary spring arms, wherein said first and second unitary spring arms open and close relative to one another in a first direction, and the areas of the first and second fenestrations reduce in size by bending of the respective first and second closed-loop wire frames of said first and second clamp elements in a second direction orthogonal to said first direction independent of movement of said first and second unitary spring arms, and wherein the first and second fenestrations of said first and second clamp elements are fully expanded when the first and second closed-loop wire frames initially extend completely out of said hollow tube, in a distal direction, while inner clamping surfaces of said first and second clamp elements remain in contact with each other as the first and second fenestrations expand in size.
 2. The surgical assembly according to claim 1, wherein, in said open position of said first and second unitary spring arms, the first and second fenestrations defined by the first and second closed-loop wire frames of said first and second clamp elements each have a maximal width that is larger than said outer diameter of said hollow tube.
 3. The surgical assembly according to claim 2, wherein said maximal width is at least 25% larger than said outer diameter of said hollow tube.
 4. The surgical assembly according to claim 3, wherein, in said open position of said first and second unitary spring arms, said first and second clamp elements span a distance therebetween which is at least four times said outer diameter of said hollow tube.
 5. The surgical assembly according to claim 1, wherein, said first and second clamp elements have a distal tip substantially 2 mm wide.
 6. The surgical assembly according to claim 5, wherein said first and second clamp elements are each substantially 0.5 mm thick.
 7. The surgical assembly according to claim 1, wherein said first and second clamp elements have opposed inner clamping surfaces having serrations.
 8. The surgical assembly according to claim 1, further comprising: a first handle coupled to a proximal end of said hollow tube; a second handle coupled to a proximal end of said shaft; and a stop element which prevents removal of said surgical instrument completely from said hollow tube.
 9. The surgical assembly according to claim 1, wherein said hollow tube is a needle having a sharp angled distal end capable of puncturing skin of a patient.
 10. The surgical assembly according to claim 1, wherein said first and second clamp elements gradually transition from a partially opening position to a fully open position, where the inner clamping surfaces are no longer in contact with each other, as said first and second unitary spring arms are extended from said hollow tube.
 11. The surgical assembly according to claim 1, wherein said first and second clamp elements have an outer periphery forming a profile corresponding to an outer periphery of said shaft when said first and second clamp elements are retracted within said hollow tube.
 12. A surgical assembly, comprising: a hollow tube having an outer diameter of 3 mm or less and an inner diameter; and a surgical instrument consisting essentially of a handle, a shaft which extends through said hollow tube, and first and second end effectors rigidly connected to said shaft, said surgical instrument being movable relative to said hollow tube, said first and second end effectors having corresponding first and second unitary spring arms extending to corresponding distal first and second clamp elements, the first clamp element including a first closed-loop wire frame that defines a corresponding first fenestration wherein the first closed-loop wire frame defines a closed loop that completely encircles the corresponding first fenestration and is disposed distally relative to the first unitary spring arm, the second clamp element including a second closed-loop wire frame that defines a corresponding second fenestration wherein the second closed-loop wire frame defines a closed loop that completely encircles the corresponding second fenestration and is disposed distally relative to the second unitary spring arm, wherein said first and second unitary spring arms are biased to an open position, when extended out of said hollow tube, such that said first and second clamp elements span a distance at least twice the outer diameter of said hollow tube between entirely fenestrated portions of the first closed-loop wire frame and the second closed-loop wire frame, wherein the first and second fenestrations defined by the first and second closed-loop wire frames of said first and second clamp elements automatically open such that the areas of the first and second fenestrations expand in size by bending of the respective first and second closed-loop wire frames of said first and second clamp elements in a direction orthogonal to a direction of opening and closing of said first and second unitary spring arms, and the first and second fenestrations expand independent of movement of said first and second unitary spring arms, and wherein the first and second fenestrations of said first and second clamp elements are fully expanded when the first and second closed-loop wire frames initially extend completely out of said hollow tube, in a distal direction, while inner clamping surfaces of said first and second clamp elements remain in contact with each other as the first and second fenestrations expand in size.
 13. The surgical assembly according to claim 12, wherein, in said open position of said first and second unitary spring arms, the first and second fenestrations defined by the first and second closed-loop wire frames of said first and second clamp elements have a maximal width that is at least 25% larger than said outer diameter of said hollow tube, and said first and second clamp elements span a distance therebetween which is at least four times said outer diameter of said hollow tube.
 14. The surgical assembly according to claim 13, wherein said first and second clamp elements each have a distal tip substantially 2 mm wide, and said first and second clamp elements are substantially 0.5 mm thick.
 15. The surgical assembly according to claim 12, wherein said handle includes a stop element which prevents removal of said surgical instrument completely from said hollow tube.
 16. The surgical assembly according to claim 12, wherein said hollow tube is a needle having a sharp angled distal end capable of puncturing skin of a patient.
 17. The surgical assembly according to claim 12, wherein said first and second clamp elements gradually transition from a partially opening position to a fully open position, where the inner clamping surfaces are no longer in contact with each other, as said first and second unitary spring arms are extended from said hollow tube.
 18. The surgical assembly according to claim 12, wherein said first and second clamp elements have an outer periphery forming a profile corresponding to an outer periphery of said shaft when said first and second clamp elements are retracted within said hollow tube. 